As their name suggests, microglia are tiny glial cells. Microglia Function in the Central Nervous System During Health and Neurodegeneration. They have many normal physiological functions such as synaptic remodeling and maturation. Then, we planned to transplant their progenitors and the differentiated microglia (Paper 3 and additional data). The interaction of the HIV viral proteins with microglia results in their activation. Microglia . Microglia are the resident innate immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS). Importantly, new tools to specifically manipulate microglia function have revealed that these cellular functions translate, on a systems level, to effects on overall behavior. Abstract. The interaction of the HIV viral proteins with microglia results in their activation. They have many normal physiological functions such as synaptic remodeling and maturation. Proper development and function of the mammalian central nervous system (CNS) depend critically on the activity of parenchymal sentinels referred to as microglia. There are four types of neuroglial cells in the central nervous system These are Astrocytes, Oligodendrocytes, Microglia, and Ependyma. Microglia are the primary innate immune effector cells of the CNS and they represent a unique myeloid cell population whose origin and function must be clearly distinguished from other phagocytes in the brain (Ransohoff and Cardona, 2010). Microglia are resident cells of the brain that regulate brain development, maintenance of neuronal networks, and injury repair. Definition. In health, microglia influence neural progenitor fate decisions, astrocyte activation, neuronal homeostasis, and synaptogenesis. Microglia. The roles of microglia and astrocytes in central nervous system (CNS) diseases are suggested to be both, detrimental and beneficial, depending on the environmental conditions. Glial cells, which are also called neuroglia, are one of two types of cells in neural tissue. They survey the central nervous system and phagocytose debris in physiological and disease conditions. The neuroglia or glial cells are non-excitable cells of the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system that primarily support neurons. Microglia cells are the immune cells of the central nervous system and consequently play important roles in brain infections and inflammation. A cell therapy could aim to replace deteriorated microglia or to regulate the excessive activation of microglia in age. Microglia, also sometimes known as “Hortega cells,” are a special type of cell in the human brain and spinal cord.Their main job is to provide immune support and to protect the tissues of the brain and spine from invading microorganisms, diseases, and infections, and they are usually considered to be one of the most important supporting structures of the central nervous system (CNS). From: Handbook of Clinical Neurology, 2016. In HIV dementia, microglia function as storage cells for the virus in the brain. Microglia’s homeostatic function achieves profound salubrious therapeutic state corollary for prophylaxis of neurological health in the central nervous system (Garden and Moller, 2006). Unlike neurons, which are the second type, glial cells do not transmit electrochemical impulses. After brain injury events followed by stroke, microglia undergo specific phenotypic and morphological transformations.

For a long time, microglial research has been hindered by the misconception that these cells solely functioned as macrophages involved in the neuroinflammatory response. Glial cells participate in almost every aspect of brain development, function, and maintenance. Although microglia were first described as ramified brain-resident phagocytes, research conducted over the past century has expanded considerably upon this narrow view and ascribed many functions to these dynamic CNS inhabitants.

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